Miscellaneous

Agreggate Fruits

Forms from several ovaries in the same flower.

Ex. Blackberry because it is a fruit that forms in several ovaries but in the same flower.

PLANT BIOLOGY

Plant Biology

•           Representative from Phylum Bryophyte, identifying what generation it is.

Bryophtes are thought to have been the first true plants.Phylum Bryophyta includes the mosses (Class musci), liverworts (Class Hepaticae) and hornworts (Class Anthocerotae). They have no vascular tissue or wood to give them structural support, nor do they have large leaves or flowers or cones.

Ex. Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta because they do not have vascular tissue and the dominant genertation in mosses non-vascular plants is the haploid gametophyte.

•         Representative from Phylum Pteridophyta, identifying what generation it is.

The phylum Pterophyta is a group of non-seed plants with a fossil record dating back to the lower Devonian.

Ex. Ferns is an example of Phylum Pterodophyta, consist of vascular tissue,belongs to the diplod sporophyte generation and it it also a seedless plant.

•        Representive gymnosperm species

The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includesPinophyta (or Coniferophyta) - Conifers
Ginkgophyta – Ginkgo
Cycadophyta - Cycads
Gnetophyta - Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia.

Ex. Pinecones are gymnosperms because they contain vascular tissue and they also produce seeds.

• Evidence that a gymnosperm is adapted for survival life in a land environment.

  The visible part of the gymnospermous plant body represents the sporophyte generation. A sporophyte has a stem with roots and leaves and bears the reproductive structures. 

  Ex.Water and minerals are transported by the roots making gymnosperms more adapted for terrestrial life.

  

•  Representative angiosperm monocot species.

  Monocots (or monocotyledons, meaning one cotyledon) is a type of flowering plants. These type is classified according to the different morphological characteristics of leaves, flowers and fruit of flowering plants.

  Ex.Musa is one of three genera in the family Musaceae; it includes bananas and plantains. All circuluar fruits, vegetable and plants are monocot.

• Representative of dicot species

dicots (or dicotyledons, meaning two cotyledons) is a type of flowering plants. These type is classified according to the different morphological characteristics of leaves, flowers and fruit of flowering plants.

Ex. It is a dicot because it has two cotyledons.

• Evidence that angiosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment 

Angiosperms are adapted to life on land because they are flowering plants and thus attract animal pollinators because they are colorful and they have pretty petals.

Ex. The petals attract the animal pollinators making it easier to reproduce because the insects take the pollen to other plants. 

MICROBIOLGY

• Negative effect of a virus or bacterium on human health:

Bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. Most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very useful.Viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They can't multiply on their own, so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take over its machinery in order to be able to make more virus particles.

Ex. The picture is representing sickness caused by a Virus or a Bacteria that took over the body invading some cells and taking over the cell machinery.

•       The body’s primary line of defence against a viral attack.

The Primary Line of Defense is physical barrier like  ear wax, pus, eye lids, eye brows, stomach acid ,sweat an much more.The  reason for all of our physical barriers is because they prevent invaders from entering.

Ex. The sweat is protecting the body of a viral attack using it as a primary line of defence.

•     A way to reduce the spread of viral disease.

   Viral and bacterial infections are both spread in basically the same ways. Bacteria or viruses can be passed on by touching or shaking hands with another person.

Ex. Washing your hands thoroughly (often one of the best ways to avoid catching a cold).

 

 

•          A beneficial role of bacteria.

Lactic acid bacteria refers to a large group of beneficial bacteria that have similar properties and all produce lactic acid as an end product of the fermentation process. They are used in particular in fermented milk products from all over the world, including yoghurt, cheese, butter, buttermilk, kefir and koumiss.

Ex. Cheese is a fermented milk product that contains bacteria.

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